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Long Term Draft Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) produced by Indian Central Electrical Regulatory Commission (CERC) (for projects where location and fuel is specified) (pdf) - Draft power purchase agreement developed by CERC for Indian IPP market - intended for long-term agreements (more than 7 years) for use for setting up power stations where location or fuel is not specified. Attached link is draft request for proposals - for draft PPA go to page 70.
Power Station Engineering And Economy Pdf Download
The Substations Committee is one of the Technical Committees under the direction of the IEEE Power & Energy Society Technical Council. We are the professional home for engineers involved in the design and operation of generation, transmission and distribution substations. Committee activities include the development of industry standards and guides, technical papers and presentations, panel discussions, round table discussions and participation in the annual IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting. The Substations Committee convenes annually during the spring in a North American city that is normally sponsored by the respective regional power utility.
The Transmission & Distribution Committee of the IEEE Power & Energy Society focuses on all matters related to the design, theoretical and experimental performance, installation, and service operation of parts of electric power systems that serve to transmit electric energy between the generating sources and substations or customer points of common coupling through AC or DC lines. To join the IEEE and the PES, click here. The scope of its subcommittee analysis and treatment of the following areas are included: Overhead and underground AC and DC transmission and distribution systems Flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) Overhead conductors Environmental impact of transmission lines Lightning phenomena Secondary network systems Insulated line conductors Structural coordination and mechanical problems of transmission lines Switching surges and overvoltage phenomena Insulation coordination (jointly with other Committees) Inductive coordination Corona, electric fields, and magnetic fields Towers, poles, insulators, and hardware Shunt and series capacitors Engineering in the safety, maintenance, and operation of lines Harmonics and power quality Distributed resources and distributed generation Superconductivity analysis and devices Integration of renewable energy sources into T&D systems Security in T&D.
ChairSukumar KamalasadanPrimary ResourcesVisit the Power and Energy Education Committee website >ScopeWork for constant improvement of relationships between all segments of the power industry and all elements of the engineering education community. Promote power engineering and technology education and professional development in schools and industry. Be an advocate of research and researchers at universities and encourage the support, dissemination, and use of university research in power engineering. Work with other Power and Energy Society Committees in developing continuing education programs in the power field and contributions to IEEE Press. Formulate recommended Power and Energy Society policy relative to all matters involving engineering and technology curricula accreditation. Serve as the primary source of Power and Energy Society recommendees for service in various activities of ABET. Cooperate with similar committees in other societies.
Wind power or wind energy is mostly the use of wind turbines to generate electricity. Wind power is a popular, sustainable, renewable energy source that has a much smaller impact on the environment than burning fossil fuels. Historically, wind power has been used in sails, windmills and windpumps but today it is mostly used to generate electricity. Wind farms consist of many individual wind turbines, which are connected to the electric power transmission network. New onshore (on-land) wind farms are cheaper than new coal or gas plants,[1] but expansion of wind power is being hindered by fossil fuel subsidies.[2][3][4] Onshore wind farms have a greater visual impact on the landscape than some other power stations.[5][6] Small onshore wind farms can feed some energy into the grid or provide power to isolated off-grid locations. Offshore wind farms deliver more energy per installed capacity with less fluctuations and have less visual impact. Although there is less offshore wind power at present and construction and maintenance costs are higher, it is expanding.[7] Offshore wind power currently has a share of about 10% of new installations.[8]
In a wind farm, individual turbines are interconnected with a medium voltage (often 34.5 kV) power collection system[32] and communications network. In general, a distance of 7D (7 times the rotor diameter of the wind turbine) is set between each turbine in a fully developed wind farm.[33] At a substation, this medium-voltage electric current is increased in voltage with a transformer for connection to the high voltage electric power transmission system.[34]
There is no generally accepted maximum level of wind penetration. The limit for a particular grid will depend on the existing generating plants, pricing mechanisms, capacity for energy storage, demand management, and other factors. An interconnected electric power grid will already include reserve generating and transmission capacity to allow for equipment failures. This reserve capacity can also serve to compensate for the varying power generation produced by wind stations. Studies have indicated that 20% of the total annual electrical energy consumption may be incorporated with minimal difficulty.[61] These studies have been for locations with geographically dispersed wind farms, some degree of dispatchable energy or hydropower with storage capacity, demand management, and interconnected to a large grid area enabling the export of electric power when needed. Electrical utilities continue to study the effects of large-scale penetration of wind generation on system stability.[62]
Utility-scale batteries are often used to balance hourly and shorter timescale variation,[70][71] but car batteries may gain ground from the mid-2020s.[72] Wind power advocates argue that periods of low wind can be dealt with by simply restarting existing power stations that have been held in readiness, or interlinking with HVDC.[73]
Typically, conventional hydroelectricity complements wind power very well. When the wind is blowing strongly, nearby hydroelectric stations can temporarily hold back their water. When the wind drops they can, provided they have the generation capacity, rapidly increase production to compensate. This gives a very even overall power supply and virtually no loss of energy and uses no more water.
Secondary market forces provide incentives for businesses to use wind-generated power, even if there is a premium price for the electricity. For example, socially responsible manufacturers pay utility companies a premium that goes to subsidize and build new wind power infrastructure. Companies use wind-generated power, and in return, they can claim that they are undertaking strong "green" efforts.[100] Wind projects provide local taxes, or payments in place of taxes and strengthen the economy of rural communities by providing income to farmers with wind turbines on their land.[101][102]
Onshore wind farms can have a significant visual impact.[116] Due to a very low surface power density and spacing requirements, wind farms typically need to be spread over more land than other power stations.[5][117] Their network of turbines, access roads, transmission lines, and substations can result in "energy sprawl";[6] although land between the turbines and roads can still be used for agriculture.[118][119] They also need to be built away from urban areas,[120] which can lead to "industrialization of the countryside".[121] Some wind farms are opposed for potentially spoiling protected scenic areas, archaeological landscapes and heritage sites.[122][123][124] A report by the Mountaineering Council of Scotland concluded that wind farms harmed tourism in areas known for natural landscapes and panoramic views.[125]
Habitat loss and fragmentation are the greatest potential impacts on wildlife of onshore wind farms,[6] but the worldwide ecological impact is minimal.[114] Thousands of birds and bats, including rare species, have been killed by wind turbine blades,[126] though wind turbines are responsible for far fewer bird deaths than fossil-fueled power stations.[127] This can be mitigated with proper wildlife monitoring.[128]
While aesthetic issues are subjective and some find wind farms pleasant and optimistic, or symbols of energy independence and local prosperity, protest groups are often formed to attempt to block some wind power stations for various reasons.[164][179][180]
Wind turbines are devices that convert the wind's kinetic energy into electrical power. The result of over a millennium of windmill development and modern engineering, today's wind turbines are manufactured in a wide range of horizontal axis and vertical axis types. The smallest turbines are used for applications such as battery charging for auxiliary power. Slightly larger turbines can be used for making small contributions to a domestic power supply while selling unused power back to the utility supplier via the electrical grid. Arrays of large turbines, known as wind farms, have become an increasingly important source of renewable energy and are used in many countries as part of a strategy to reduce their reliance on fossil fuels.
With the development of electric power, wind power found new applications in lighting buildings remote from centrally generated power. Throughout the 20th century parallel paths developed small wind stations suitable for farms or residences. The 1973 oil crisis triggered the investigation in Denmark and the United States that led to larger utility-scale wind generators that could be connected to electric power grids for remote use of power. By 2008, the U.S. installed capacity had reached 25.4 gigawatts, and by 2012 the installed capacity was 60 gigawatts.[197] Today, wind-powered generators operate in every size range between tiny stations for battery charging at isolated residences, up to gigawatt-sized offshore wind farms that provide electric power to national electrical networks.